CLINICAL STUDIES ON THE FOLLOWING INGREDIENTS:
Berberine
The effect of berberine supplementation on obesity parameters, inflammation and liver function enzymes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Abstract
Introduction: So far, no study has summarized the findings on the effects of berberine intake on anthropometric parameters, C-reactive protein (CRP) and liver enzymes. This systematic review and meta-analysis were done based upon randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to analyze the effects of berberine on anthropometric parameters, CRP and liver enzymes.
Method: Following databases were searched for eligible studies published from inception to 30 July 2019: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed and Google scholar. Necessary data were extracted. Data were pooled by the inverse variance method and expressed as mean difference with 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI).
Result: 12 studies were included. Berberine treatment moderately but significantly decreased body weight (WMD = -2.07 kg, 95% CI -3.09, -1.05, P < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (WMD = -0.47 kg/m2, 95% CI -0.70, -0.23, P < 0.001), waist circumference (WC) (WMD = -1.08 cm, 95% CI -1.97, -0.19, P = 0.018) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations (WMD = -0.42 mg/L, 95% CI -0.82, -0.03, P = 0.034). However, berberine intake did not affect liver enzymes, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (WMD = -1.66 I/U, 95% CI -3.98, 0.65, P = 0.160) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (WMD = -0.87 I/U, 95% CI -2.56, 0.82, P = 0.311).
Conclusion: This meta-analysis found a significant reduction of body weight, BMI, WC and CRP levels associated with berberine intake which may have played an indirect role in improved clinical symptoms in diseases with metabolic disorders. Berberine administration had no significant effect on ALT and AST levels.
Source: Asbaghi O, Ghanbari N, Shekari M, Reiner Ž, Amirani E, Hallajzadeh J, Mirsafaei L, Asemi Z. The effect of berberine supplementation on obesity parameters, inflammation and liver function enzymes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2020 Aug;38:43-49. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.04.010. Epub 2020 May 6. PMID: 32690176.
The effect of Berberine on weight loss in order to prevent obesity: A systematic review
Abstract
This study provides a critical overview of experimental studies in vitro, in humans, and in animals that evaluated the efficacy of Berberine and its effect on management of obesity and the related metabolic consequences. As a result of this review, we summarized the effects of Berberine in different models and the related mechanism of actions. In preclinical models, Berberine demonstrates that it affects gut microbiota by reducing diversity of microbes starting at a dosage of 100 mg/kg/day. Moreover, in animal models, Berberine explicates an action on glucose through the inhibition of α-glycosidase at a dose of 200 mh/kg/day. Berberine is also known to be effective against differentiation of adipocytes through a decrease in LXRs, PPARs, and SREBPs expression at 150 mg/kg/day. Other mechanism ascribed to Berberine are related to its inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis through the Phospheoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), Glucose-6-phosphate (G6Pase) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Furthermore, Berberine (associated to Red Yeast Rice) is effective in decreasing lipid levels in rats, which consequently lowers the change of weight gain at dosage of 40 mg/kg to 380 mg/kg/day. All the above preclinical data are confirmed in human studies where Berberine can modulate the diversity of gut microbes at the dose of 500 mg/day. In addition, Berberine is found to have a beneficial impact on gene regulation for the absorption of cholesterol at a daily dose of 300 mg in humans, an amelioration on glucose accumulation at 1.0 g daily dose was also observed. For all these reasons, this review gives an important good account of the impact of Berberine in obesity treatment and prevention.
Source: Zahra Ilyas, Simone Perna, Salwa Al-thawadi, Tariq A. Alalwan, Antonella Riva, Giovanna Petrangolini, Clara Gasparri, Vittoria Infantino, Gabriella Peroni, Mariangela Rondanelli, The effect of Berberine on weight loss in order to prevent obesity: A systematic review, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 127, 2020, 110137, ISSN 0753-3322, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110137.
Berberine and Adiposity in Diabetes-Free Individuals With Obesity and MASLD
Abstract
Berberine is a potential therapy for metabolic disorders, yet its effects on visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and liver fat remain uncertain.
Objectives To evaluate the efficacy and safety of berberine in reducing VAT area and liver fat content in diabetes-free individuals with obesity and metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).
Design, Setting, and Participants: In this multicenter, double-blind randomized clinical trial, diabetes-free individuals with obesity and MASLD were enrolled at 11 hospitals in China between July 6 and December 29, 2023, with a follow-up duration of 6 months.
Interventions Participants were randomly assigned to receive either oral berberine, 1 g/d, or a matching placebo.
Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcomes were relative percentage change in VAT area and absolute change in liver fat content assessed by computed tomography. Other outcomes included changes in parameters of glucose, lipids, and inflammation. Analyses were conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle.
Results: Among 337 randomized participants (mean [SD] age, 41.8 [10.6] years; 221 [65.6%] male), 169 received berberine and 168 placebo. The mean (SD) medication adherence rates were 90.3% (14.7%) for berberine and 90.7% (17.4%) for placebo. No significant differences were observed between study arms for VAT area (1.4% [97.5% CI, −2.4% to 5.2%]) or liver fat content (0.9% [97.5% CI, −0.4% to 2.1%). Berberine was associated with larger reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−7.72 [95% CI, −13.13 to −1.93] mg/dL), apolipoprotein B (−3.42 [95% CI, −6.33 to −0.51] mg/dL) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (−0.072 [95% CI, −0.140 to −0.004] mg/dL) vs placebo, but not other secondary outcomes. The incidence of adverse events was similar between study arms. Post hoc analyses suggested consistent patterns of larger reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and hs-CRP levels in participants with higher baseline hs-CRP levels.
Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial of diabetes-free individuals with obesity and MASLD, a 6-month berberine treatment at a daily dose of 1 g had an excellent safety profile but did not reduce VAT area or liver fat content.
Source: Lei L, Wang B, Zhao L, et al. Berberine and Adiposity in Diabetes-Free Individuals With Obesity and MASLD: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2026;9(1):e2554152. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.54152
L‑Glutamine
L-glutamine supplementation of a high fat diet reduces body weight and attenuates hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in C57BL/6J mice
Abstract
C57BL/6J (B/6J) mice are genetically predisposed to become overweight and develop hyperglycemia if raised on a high fat diet. The purpose of the present study was to explore the effect of dietary supplementation of L-glutamine (Gln), an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation, on the development of hyperglycemia and excessive weight gain. Groups of 10 age- and weight-matched male B/6J mice were raised on one of four diets: 1) a low fat, low sucrose (LL), studied separately, 2) a high fat, low sucrose (HL) diet alone, 3) high fat, low sucrose supplemented with L-glutamine (HL+Gln) and 4) high fat, low sucrose supplemented with L-alanine (HL+Ala). Energy intake, body weight, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were monitored over time. We found no difference in energy intake per unit body weight between any groups after the first 2 wk of feeding. However, the mean +/- SEM for body weight (27.1 +/- 0.6 g) of the LL group measured at 16 wk was lower (P < 0.05) than that of the HL group at 37.9 +/- 1.9 g. Also, after 5.5 mo, the mean +/- SEM for plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in the LL group of mice were 6.9 +/- 0.4 mmol/l and 146 +/- 30 pmol/l, which were lower (P < 0.05) than those in the HL group at 10.1 +/- 0.9 mmol/l and 438 +/- 84 pmol/l, respectively. Although both amino acids caused a 10% reduction (P < 0.05) in body weight compared with HL feeding at wk 16, only Gln supplementation resulted in persistent reductions in both plasma glucose and insulin concentrations over 5.5 mo. In another experiment, when Gln was added to the high fat (HL) diet of heavy hyperglycemic animals for 2 mo, body weight gain, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia were attenuated. In conclusion, supplementing glutamine to a high fat diet reduces body weight and attenuated hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in B/6J mice.
Source: Opara EC, Petro A, Tevrizian A, Feinglos MN, Surwit RS. L-glutamine supplementation of a high fat diet reduces body weight and attenuates hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in C57BL/6J mice. J Nutr. 1996 Jan;126(1):273-9. doi: 10.1093/jn/126.1.273. PMID: 8558312.
Glutamine: A novel player in maintaining skeletal strength and body fitness in obese mice
Summary
Background and aims
Glutamine plays a key role in cellular metabolism and tissue homeostasis. In obesity, circulating glutamine levels decline, accompanied by impaired bone homeostasis and increased fracture risk. While dietary glutamine supplementation shows metabolic benefits, its effects on bone and fat metabolism remain unclear. This study investigates whether glutamine supplementation mitigates obesity-induced alterations in bone and fat metabolism.
Methods: C57BL/6J male mice were subjected to a 2-month dietary intervention with either high-fat diet (HFD) or HFD supplemented with glutamine (HFD + G) and low-fat diet (LFD) as a control group. Body weight, fat mass, glucose tolerance, white adipose tissue (WAT) morphology, and bone parameters were analyzed. Functional assays of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) assessed metabolic phenotype and differentiation potential. Glutamine turnover was evaluated, and findings were extended to human BMSCs to assess sex-specific patterns of glutaminolysis.
Results: Glutamine supplementation attenuated body weight gain, fat mass, and WAT weight, along with improved glucose tolerance compared to HFD-fed mice. In WAT, glutamine reduced adipocyte hypertrophy and inflammation, while in AT-MSCs it suppressed obesity-driven hyper-metabolic phenotype by shifting cells toward quiescence. In bone, glutamine improved bone quality, along with reduced bone marrow adiposity and decreased bone resorption. BMSCs from glutamine-treated mice showed decreased adipogenic and increased osteogenic potential, supported by enhanced glutamine turnover, which maintained the stemness of the cells and reduced the inflammation induced by obesity. In human BMSCs, glutamine metabolism displayed sex-specific differences, underscoring its physiological relevance.
Conclusion: Glutamine supplementation improves systemic metabolic health and bone integrity at both the organ and cellular levels, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic strategy for preventing obesity-related metabolic and bone diseases.
Source: Martina Dzubanova, Michaela Ferencakova, Dung K. Nguyen, Kristina Bardova, Elena Golovina, Heleen Fehervary, Andrea Benova, Yusuf Odabaşı, Ravindra Naraine, Radek Sindelka, Frantisek Spoutil, Jan Prochazka, Tomas Cajka, G. Harry van Lenthe, Rita Sarkis, Olaia Naveiras, Martin Rossmeisl, Jan Kopecky, Michaela Tencerova, Glutamine: A novel player in maintaining skeletal strength and body fitness in obese mice, Clinical Nutrition, Volume 54,
2025, Pages 162-176, ISSN 0261-5614, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2025.09.018.
Cinnamon extract
Cinnamon Supplementation Improves Metabolic Syndrome in Asian Indians
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have doubled in India during the past three decades and early onset and severe CVD is frequently seen 1. Individuals with metabolic syndrome are at five times greater risk of developing T2DM and three times more likely to have a heart attack or stroke compared to people without it 2. These individuals are also twice as susceptible to die from T2DM and heart attack or stroke 2. Almost 20–30% of the population in urban cities of India has metabolic syndrome 3.
Previous studies have suggested a potential role of cinnamon and its components in improving the risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome 4,5; prompting Jain et al to design a 16-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial 6 to explore the effect of cinnamon supplementation on the body composition and metabolic parameters of Asian Indians with metabolic syndrome. One hundred sixteen individuals with metabolic syndrome were randomized to two dietary intervention groups: cinnamon [6 capsules (3g) daily] or wheat flour placebo [6 capsules (2.5g) daily]. The following measures were assessed at baseline and after 16 weeks of cinnamon supplementation: body composition (body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio, percentage body fat, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and metabolic parameters [fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, lipid profile, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)].
At baseline, both groups were similar; however, the cinnamon group had significantly greater mean weight (P = 0.009) and BMI (P = 0.010) compared to the placebo group. At sixteen weeks, significant improvements were evident in the cinnamon group relative to the control. Decreases were seen in the following parameters: weight (3.0 kg, P = 0.001), BMI (1.3 kg/m2, P = 0.001), WC (4.8 cm, P = 0.002), waist-hip ratio (0.03, P = 0.028), body fat (3% decrease, (P = 0.011), SBP (8.3 mmHg, P = 0.001), DBP (6.9 mmHg, P = 0.001), FBG (0.5 mmol/L, P = 0.001), HbA1c (2.6 mmol/mol, P = 0.023), postprandial blood sugar (0.6 mmol/L, P = 0.030), total cholesterol (0.42 mmol/L, P = 0.006), triglycerides (0.20 mmol/L, P = 0.010), LDL, 0.37 mmol/L P = 0.003), and ratio of LDL to HDL (0.72 P = 0.001). In addition, the cinnamon group had a significant increase of 0.05 mmol/L in HDL compared to the placebo group (P = 0.035). Hs-CRP did not change significantly in either groups; however, the prevalence of MetS was significantly reduced by 34.5% in the cinnamon group compared to 5.2% in the placebo group.
Overall, there was a beneficial effect of 3 g/day cinnamon for 16 weeks in Asian Indians with MetS, as evidenced by a significant decrease in hyperglycemia, body weight, total adiposity, abdominal adiposity, and serum lipid levels compared to placebo.
Future studies should evaluate the benefits of varying doses of cinnamon over longer periods of time and with larger intervention groups. Also, the obese study population does not allow for generalization to a leaner population.
Source: Jain, Sonal Gupta, Seema Puri, Anoop Misra, Seema Gulati, and Kalaivani Mani. “Effect of oral cinnamon intervention on metabolic profile and body composition of Asian Indians with metabolic syndrome: a randomized double-blind control trial.” Lipids in health and disease 16, no. 1 (2017): 113.
Pomegranate extract
Dietary fatty acids from pomegranate seeds (Punica granatum) inhibit adipogenesis and impact the expression of the obesity-associated mRNA transcripts in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells
Abstract
Obesity is a metabolic disorder that manifests into various forms. Recent studies have indicated that the pomegranate (Punica granatum) seed oil (PSO) has many biologically active components that help in controlling diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. However, its impact on the adipogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HADMSC) remains unclear. Here we have attempted to study the anti-obesity potential of SHAMstat3pg, a fatty acid composite extracted from PSO. It is composed of three dietary fatty acids: punicic acid [(9Z,11E,13Z)-9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic acid], oleic acid [Cis-9-Octadecenoic acid], and linoleic acid [(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid]. In this study, we discuss the impact of the fatty acids on adipogenesis, inflammation, glucose uptake, and mitochondrial ATP production. The impact of SHAMstat3pg on the expression of various obesity-associated protein and mRNA transcripts in HADMSC was also analyzed. The results indicate that exposure to 10 µg/ml of SHAMstat3pg (24 hr) inhibited adipogenesis of HADMSC, ameliorated inflammation, attenuated ATP production, and glucose uptake. Also, the extract favorably regulated the mRNA expression of the studied obesity-associated gene transcripts.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: SHAMstat3pg has the potential to serve as a multi-targeted therapy for the management of obesity. This study demonstrated that the dietary fatty acids inhibited the differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes. SHAMstat3pg has also shown to have a favorable impact on the expression of the obesity-linked proteins and genes in HADMSC that are associated with adipogenesis, inflammation, satiety, energy intake/expenditure (central and peripheral signaling molecules). The study gives an overview of the vast number of genes impacted by the treatment with SHAMstat3pg paving the way for future studies to demonstrate the exact mode of action of how dietary fatty acids can help manage obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes.
Source: Trichur Khabeer S, Prashant A, Haravey Krishnan M. Dietary fatty acids from pomegranate seeds (Punica granatum) inhibit adipogenesis and impact the expression of the obesity-associated mRNA transcripts in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Food Biochem. 2019 Mar;43(3):e12739. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.12739. Epub 2018 Dec 2. PMID: 31353555.
Insulin Sensitivity of Adipocytes is Improved by Pomegranate Mesocarp Through Reduced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
Abstract
Objective: Inflammatory phenomena and increase in oxidative stress in cell physiopathology progression render therapeutic strategies based on nutritional antioxidants necessary. It was thus aimed at assessing the effectiveness of the pomegranate mesocarp extract (PME) on differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes in the presence/absence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a model mimicking insulin resistance.
Method: The effect of PME on lipid accumulation, protein expression of antioxidant, inflammatory and adipogenic biomarkers, reactive oxygen species production, activity of antioxidant enzymes and secretion of IL-6 has been evaluated during the differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes, in the presence or absence of H2O2.
Results: H2O2 reduced the expression of the regulator of insulin sensitivity PPARγ and suppressed adipocyte differentiation. PME counteracted the effect of H2O2. The latter induced a higher level of fat accumulation by promoting the expressions of the adipogenic markers PPARγ, C/EBPα, FABP4 and CD36 as compared to the control and the H2O2-treated differentiating cells. During the progression of adipogenesis, highest increase (p < 0.05) in IL-6 secretion, by 3.16 and 3.85 folds, was observed on day 2 of differentiation in control and H2O2-treated cells, respectively, compared to day 0. PME significantly decreased (p < 0.01) the secretion of the cytokine in addition to suppressing the expression of NFκB. PME also prevented the reduction of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities that occurred during adipogenesis, by at most 33%, 119% and 42%, respectively.
Conclusion: These findings indicate that PME efficiently improves insulin sensitivity and can significantly counteract oxidative stress and inflammation.
Source: Ramlagan, P., Rondeau, P., Bourdon, E., Bahorun, T., & Neergheen, V. S. (2024). Insulin Sensitivity of Adipocytes is Improved by Pomegranate Mesocarp Through Reduced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Journal of the American Nutrition Association, 43(7), 592–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/27697061.2024.2353295
B‑complex vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, B12)
The B-complex vitamins related to energy metabolism and their role in exercise performance: A narrative review
Abstract
Objective: The present review aims to clarify the relationship of thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin to exercise performance.
News: The B vitamins thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), and niacin (vitamin B3) are hydrophilic vitamins that play a fundamental role as coenzymes in enzymatic reactions of energy metabolism. The increase in energy demand during physical exercise can alter the requirements for these vitamins.
Prospects and projects: This study is a narrative review which selected and analyzed studies that investigated how the vitamins thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin can affect sports performance in both humans and experimental animal models.
Conclusion: The research shows that supplementation with these vitamins does not necessarily produce ergogenic effects. Despite their fundamental roles in anabolic pathways, only the intake of thiamine-derivative substances showed some positive effects on exercise performance and fatigue. Isolated riboflavin supplementation did not show positive effects, while there is evidence that high niacin intake can harm exercise performance. Some studies found an increase in excretion and a decrease in the blood levels of these vitamins after exercise, but the results are inconsistent. However, different pharmacokinetics, doses or dosing frequency, and administration route of the supplemented substances can influence the results. There are few studies of B-vitamins and exercise, and most of them are not recent. New studies, with systematically controlled protocols, are necessary to elucidate the real effects of thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin in exercise performance.
Source: A.-C. Gonçalves, G.-V. Portari, The B-complex vitamins related to energy metabolism and their role in exercise performance: A narrative review, Science & Sports, Volume 36, Issue 6, 2021, Pages 433-440, ISSN 0765-1597, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2020.11.007.
B Vitamins: Functions and Uses in Medicine
Abstract
B vitamins are a group of 8 water-soluble vitamins. The body does not store them, so they need to be replaced daily. B vitamins are found in animal proteins, dairy products, leafy green vegetables, and beans. Overall, their function can generally be divided into catabolic metabolism, leading to energy production, and anabolic metabolism, resulting in bioactive molecules. They are critical cofactors for axonal transport, synthesis of neurotransmitters, and many cellular metabolic pathways. B vitamins are cofactors for many essential enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of RNA and DNA. B vitamin deficiencies have been considered as etiological factors in the development of various neurologic disorders and a broad spectrum of pathological states. Reductions in food intake and absorption efficiency in some populations, including the geriatric population, may warrant attention to their dietary B vitamin levels. Most B vitamins are generally safe even at intake levels reached with fortified food or supplements.
Source: Hanna M, Jaqua E, Nguyen V, Clay J. B Vitamins: Functions and Uses in Medicine. Perm J. 2022 Jun 29;26(2):89-97. doi: 10.7812/TPP/21.204. Epub 2022 Jun 17. PMID: 35933667; PMCID: PMC9662251.
Chromium
Chromium picolinate supplementation attenuates body weight gain and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes
Abstract
Objective: Chromium picolinate (CrPic) supplementation has been suggested to improve glycemia, but there are conflicting reports on efficacy. We sought to determine the effect of CrPic on insulin sensitivity, glycemic control, and body composition in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
Research design and methods: Thirty-seven subjects with type 2 diabetes were evaluated. After baseline, subjects were placed on a sulfonylurea (glipizide gastrointestinal therapeutic system 5 mg/day) with placebo for 3 months. Subjects were then randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive either the sulfonylurea plus placebo (n = 12) or the sulfonylurea plus 1,000 microg Cr as CrPic (n = 17) for 6 months. Body composition, insulin sensitivity, and glycemic control were determined at baseline, end of the 3-month single-blind placebo phase, and end of study.
Results: Subjects randomized to sulfonylurea/placebo, as opposed to those randomized to sulfonylurea/CrPic, had a significant increase in body weight (2.2 kg, P < 0.001 vs. 0.9 kg, P = 0.11), percent body fat (1.17%, P < 0.001 vs. 0.12%, P = 0.7), and total abdominal fat (32.5 cm(2), P < 0.05 vs. 12.2 cm(2), P < 0.10) from baseline. Subjects randomized to sulfonylurea/CrPic had significant improvements in insulin sensitivity corrected for fat-free mass (28.8, P < 0.05 vs. 15.9, P = 0.4), GHb (-1.16%, P < 0.005 vs. -0.4%, P = 0.3), and free fatty acids (-0.2 mmol/l, P < 0.001 vs. -0.12 mmol/l, P < 0.03) as opposed to sulfonylurea/placebo.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates that CrPic supplementation in subjects with type 2 diabetes who are taking sulfonylurea agents significantly improves insulin sensitivity and glucose control. Further, CrPic supplementation significantly attenuated body weight gain and visceral fat accumulation compared with the placebo group.
Source: Martin J, Wang ZQ, Zhang XH, Wachtel D, Volaufova J, Matthews DE, Cefalu WT. Chromium picolinate supplementation attenuates body weight gain and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006 Aug;29(8):1826-32. doi: 10.2337/dc06-0254. PMID: 16873787.
References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32690176/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332220303292
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2844037
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8558312/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261561425002663
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31353555/
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/27697061.2024.2353295
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0765159721000411